Zambia’s President Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in for a second term on Tuesday after winning 60 percent of the vote in the August 13 election.

His main challenger, Brian Mundubile, who secured 38 percent, is currently in jail facing treason charges, which he denies.

The election was criticised over alleged intimidation, restrictions on the opposition and pro-government bias, raising concerns about Zambia’s democratic record.

Hichilema was credited with economic reforms during his first term, including free primary and secondary education and the abolition of the death penalty. However, critics say economic gains have yet to significantly improve living standards.

Copper remains the backbone of Zambia’s economy, accounting for about 70 percent of export earnings, with China a major investor and creditor.