The Trump administration has finalised new visa rules imposing stricter limits on how long foreign students and journalists can stay in the United States as part of its broader immigration crackdown.

Under the rules, expected to take effect as early as September, student visas will be limited to the duration of an academic programme, up to a maximum of four years. Foreign journalists will be allowed to stay for 240 days, while Chinese journalists will be limited to 90-day stays, with extensions available.

The Department of Homeland Security said the changes are aimed at preventing abuse of the visa system and improving oversight of visa holders.

However, media rights and higher education groups criticised the policy, warning it could undermine press freedom, discourage international students and reduce the ability of US institutions to attract global talent.

The new rule is subject to review by the Republican-led Congress.